WebThe Holocaust was Nazi Germanys deliberate, organized, state-sponsored persecution and machinelike murder of approximately six million European Jews and at least five [247], Bulgaria introduced anti-Jewish measures between 1940 and 1943 (requirement to wear a yellow star, restrictions on owning telephones or radios, and so on). In a memorandum ten days after the invasion, "U odbilo idom! Instead, it was a question of "a process of increasingly radical interpretations of orders". WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. The Times of London stated on 11 November 1938: No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults upon defenseless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday. The movement embraced a pseudo-scientific racism that viewed Jews as a race whose members were locked in mortal combat with the Aryan race for world domination. [144] By the end of 1942, most of the Jews in the General Government area were dead. [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [398][399] In January 1945, the Germans held records of 714,000 inmates in concentration camps; by May, 250,000 (35 percent) had died during these marches. A range of methods were used, with Consequently, the Danish government stayed in power and the Germans found it easier to work through it. According to Hayes, dealers in currency and jewellery set up shop outside the Treblinka extermination camp (near Warsaw) in 19421943, as did prostitutes. [118], Before World War II, Germany considered mass deportation from Europe of German, and later European, Jewry. The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. [234] Prisoners wore colored triangles on their uniforms, the color denoting the reason for their incarceration. [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [59], Before and after the March 1933 Reichstag elections, the Nazis intensified their campaign of violence against opponents,[60] setting up concentration camps for extrajudicial imprisonment. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Gentlemen, I must ask you, arm yourselves against any thoughts of compassion. Before World War II, Europe had 9.5 million Jews. [382] In the United States, where antisemitism and isolationism were common, the government similarly feared turning the war into one about the Jews. [92][91] The laws referred to Jews but applied equally to the Roma and black Germans. [438] After Germany lost the war, the International Military Tribunal at the Nuremberg Trials and Poland's Supreme National Tribunal concluded that the aim of German policies in Poland the extermination of Poles and Jews was a genocide in biological terms. [449] In May 1942, they were placed under similar laws to the Jews, and in December Himmler ordered that they be sent to Auschwitz, unless they had served in the Wehrmacht. The French had planned to try Grynszpan for murder, but the German invasion in 1940 interrupted the proceedings. [72] Jewish doctors were dismissed or urged to resign. [475] In response, Germany set up the "Remembrance, Responsibility and Future" Foundation in 2000, which paid 4.45billion to former slave laborers (up to 7,670 each). (twins step forward!). These Holocaust victimsincluded about six million Jewishpeople. Jews were forced out of their jobs and had to register with the government. The second most numerous group, from 70 to 75 thousand, was the Poles, and the third most numerous, about 20 thousand, the Gypsies. [106][k] When vom Rath died on 9 November, the synagogue and Jewish shops in Dessau were attacked. [117] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. [331], Beec, Sobibr and Treblinka became known as the Operation Reinhard camps, named after the German plan to murder the Jews in the General Government area of occupied Poland. In just over four-and-a-half years, Nazi Germany systematically murdered at least 1.1 million people at Auschwitz. [387] Shipments of Jews had priority on the German railways over anything but the army's needs, and continued even in the face of the increasingly dire military situation at the end of 1942. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. Germany, Italy and Bulgaria divided Greece into occupation zones but did not eliminate it as a country. As German forces captured territories in the East, all anti-Jewish measures were radicalized. [395] The British thwarted the proposal by leaking it. [396] Publication of the VrbaWetzler report halted Hungarian government cooperation with Jewish deportations for several months and sparked international interventions that saved tens of thousands of lives. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. [271], On 7 December 1941, Japanese aircraft attacked Pearl Harbor, an American naval base in Honolulu, Hawaii, killing 2,403 Americans. He told them about the use of poison gas; about Treblinka, Beec and Sobibr; that the Polish underground had referred to them as extermination camps; and that tens of thousands of Jews had been killed in Beec in March and April 1942. All Jews must be shot. [16], The term was popularised in the United States by the NBC mini-series Holocaust (1978) about a fictional family of German Jews,[17] and in November that year the President's Commission on the Holocaust was established. [418] Historians' estimates range from 4,204,000 to 7,000,000. [28][h], Other groups targeted after Hitler became Chancellor of Germany in January 1933[31] include those whom the Nazis viewed as inherently inferior (some Slavic people, particularly Poles and Russians,[32] the Roma, and the disabled), and those targeted because of their beliefs or behavior (such as Jehovah's Witnesses, communists, and homosexuals). Copy no. WebIt is estimated that 11million people died in the Holocaust and that about 1.1million of those were children. [112] Attacks took place in Austria too. [c], Death rates were heavily dependent on the survival of European states willing to protect their Jewish citizens. [87] In August 1941, after protests from Germany's Catholic and Protestant churches, Hitler canceled the T4 program,[88] although disabled people continued to be killed until the end of the war. [233] In mid-1942 work camps began requiring newly arrived prisoners to be placed in quarantine for four weeks. [177] Vichy France's government implemented anti-Jewish measures in Metropolitan France, in French Algeria and in the two French Protectorates of Tunisia and Morocco. [66] On 1 April 1933, there was a boycott of Jewish businesses. [359] In the occupied Polish and Soviet territories, thousands of Jews fled into the swamps or forests and joined the partisans,[360] although the partisan movements did not always welcome them. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. [p] Cesarani writes that the killing of Jews was at this point a "subset" of these activities. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Under the coordination of the SS, with directions from the highest leadership of the Nazi Party, killings were committed within Germany itself, throughout occupied Europe, and within territories controlled by Germany's allies. [b] Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (2000), favor a definition that includes the Jews, Roma, and disabled people: "the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity". [34] Eberhard Jckel wrote in 1986 that it was the first time a state had thrown its power behind the idea that an entire people should be wiped out. "[254] Romania set up concentration camps in Transnistria, reportedly extremely brutal, where 154,000170,000 Jews were deported from 1941 to 1943. "[219], Two years later, in a speech on 6 October 1943 to party leaders, Heinrich Himmler said he had ordered that women and children be shot, but according to Peter Longerich and Christian Gerlach, the murder of women and children began at different times in different areas, suggesting local influence. We have an estimated 2.5 million Jews in the General Government, perhaps with the half-Jews and all that that entails some 3.5 million. Companies such as BMW, Deutsche Bank, Ford, Opel, Siemens, and Volkswagen faced lawsuits for their use of forced labor during the war. [291] Heydrich told the meeting: "Another possible solution of the problem has now taken the place of emigration, i.e. WebAbout six million Jews and some five million others, targeted for racial, political, ideological and behavioral reasons, died in the Holocaustmore than one million of those who [55] From the early 1920s onwards, he compared the Jews to germs and said they should be dealt with in the same way. The commandos described them as "Bolshevist functionaries" and similar. Some Ukrainians went to Poland to serve as guards in the camps. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! Explosives were used to reduce the time taken by digging. About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. [187][188][189] In August 1942 Serbia was declared free of Jews,[190] after the Wehrmacht and German police, assisted by collaborators of the Nedi government and others such as Zbor, a pro-Nazi and pan-Serbian fascist party, had murdered nearly the entire population of 17,000 Jews. [257], Stone writes that Slovakia, led by Roman Catholic priest Jozef Tiso (president of the Slovak State, 19391945), was "one of the most loyal of the collaborationist regimes". [104] Sigmund Freud and his family arrived in London from Vienna in June 1938, thanks to what David Cesarani called "Herculean efforts" to get them out. WebEven today, the Holocaust is remembered as one of the most tragic events of world history, wherein as many as 11 million people were killed in a systematic state-sponsored [111] Contrary to Goebbel's statements in his diary, the police were not withdrawn; the regular police, Gestapo, SS and SA all took part, although Heinrich Himmler was angry that the SS had joined in. [267] The first group of 1,034 Jews arrived from Rome on 23 October 1943; 839 were murdered by gas. Drive the female Jews into the swamps. [386] Rail shipments of Jews were still arriving regularly from western and southern Europe at the extermination camps. The courts reached a decision in 64,499 of those cases; 56,244 were in favor of sterilization. [68] Jewish businesses were targeted for closure or "Aryanization", the forcible sale to Germans; of the approximately 50,000 Jewish-owned businesses in Germany in 1933, about 7,000 were still Jewish-owned in April 1939. [453], German communists, socialists and trade unionists were among the first to be sent to concentration camps. [421] In occupied countries, the survival of the state was likewise correlated with lower Jewish death rates: 75 percent of Jews survived in France and 99 percent in Denmark, but 75 percent died in the Netherlands, as did 99 percent of Jews who were in Estonia when the Germans arrivedthe Nazis declared Estonia Judenfrei ("free of Jews") in January 1942 at the Wannsee Conference. The pre-war Greek Jewish population had been between 72,000 and 77,000. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. Yad Vashem. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. [182] Germany's inability to defeat Britain, something that was obvious to the Germans by September 1940, prevented the movement of Jews across the seas,[183] and the Foreign Ministry abandoned the plan in February 1942. [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". [68] Jews were disbarred from practicing law, being editors or proprietors of newspapers, joining the Journalists' Association, or owning farms. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [248] In June 1941 Romania joined Germany in its invasion of the Soviet Union and within the first few weeks of the invasion, almost the entire rural Jewish population of Bessarabia and Bukovina were decimated. [176] In July 1940, the Jews in the parts of Alsace-Lorraine that had been annexed to Germany were expelled into Vichy France. [320] Victims usually arrived at the extermination camps by freight train. [21], Holocaust historians commonly define the Holocaust as the genocide of the European Jews by Nazi Germany and its collaborators between 1941 and 1945. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. [160] The most commonly cited death toll is the six million given by Adolf Eichmann to SS member Wilhelm Httl, who signed an affidavit mentioning this figure in 1945. [240][241] Romania was the second country in Europe after Germany to enact antisemitic legislation, and the only one besides Germany to do so before the 1938 Anschluss. Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million [80] Estimates for the number of involuntary sterilizations during the whole of the Third Reich range from 300,000 to 400,000. EuroDocs. [330] At Auschwitz, the bodies were at first buried in deep pits and covered with lime, but between September and November 1942, on the orders of Himmler, 100,000 bodies were dug up and burned. "The Holocaust: Definition and Preliminary Discussion". [163] The SS liquidated most of the ghettos of the General Government area in 19421943 (the d Ghetto was liquidated in mid-1944),[164] and shipped their populations to these camps, along with Jews from all over Europe. The Times called it "a new level of fantasy and self-deception". [115] Many were released within weeks; by early 1939, 2,000 remained in the camps. [445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. After Germany invaded Poland in September 1939, triggering World War II, the regime set up ghettos to segregate Jews. p.171. Following Adolf Hitler's appointment as chancellor on 30 January 1933, the regime built a network of concentration camps in Germany for political opponents and those deemed "undesirable", starting with Dachau on 22 March 1933. [101] Around 7,000 Jewish businesses were "Aryanized", and all the legal restrictions on Jews in Germany were imposed in Austria. Informants pointed out who was Jewish and the Poles who were helping to hide them[145] during the Judenjagd (hunt for the Jews). They also included five million of people who were not Jewish, mainly Poles, Sinti and Eichmann's trial revived interest in war criminals and the Holocaust in general. [169] By June 1940 Norway was completely occupied. The General Government must become just as free of Jews as the Reich.". Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. WebDuring The Holocaust, millionsof people died or were killed in Nazi Germany. Those present included (annotated, left to right): Frank continued by discussing their deportation, then asked: "But what is to happen to the Jews? The third method, the gas chamber, is employed for those who are ill or incapable of work and those who have been brought in transports especially for the purpose /Soviet prisoners of war, and, recently Jews/. [237], Romania ranks first among Holocaust perpetrator countries other than Germany. [369] This was in large measure thanks to Captain Witold Pilecki of the Polish Home Army, who was sent to the camp in September 1940 after allowing himself to be arrested in Warsaw. [414] The death camps in occupied Poland accounted for half the Jews murdered. WebAnd a similar share (45%) know that approximately 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust. [428] The death rates decreased when the POWs were needed to help the German war effort; by 1943, half a million had been deployed as slave labor. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. The rest of the country was divided into the Independent State of Croatia (NDH), an Italian-German puppet state whose territory comprised Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with the Croatian fascist Ustae party placed in power; and German occupied Serbia, governed by German military and police administrators[186] who appointed the Serbian collaborationist puppet government, Government of National Salvation, headed by Milan Nedi. p. 281. "[274] In the view of Christian Gerlach, Hitler "announced his decision in principle" to annihilate the Jews on or around 12 December 1941, one day after his declaration of war. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. WebOf this total, nearly 1.1 million were Jews, 960,000 of which died in the camp. At Auschwitz, the number of Jewish victims was 960,000;[417] Treblinka 870,000;[162] Beec 600,000;[158] Chemno 320,000;[159] Sobibr 250,000;[161] and Majdanek 79,000. At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. 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