Today, Indian Americans are a mosaic of recent arrivals and long-term residents. In 2020, about 8% of Minnesotans were foreign-born, but that percentage was as high as 37% in the late 1800s. Generally, most immigrants eligible for naturalization apply to become citizens. In that sense, the currents coursing their way through the Indian diaspora are perhaps reflective not only of broader developments in American society but alsoand perhaps even to a greater extentthe turbulence afflicting India. Ohio was home to 260,454 women, 252,902 men, and 42,227 children who were immigrants. In 2018, China accounted for 149,000 of the new immigrants entering the United States, followed by India (129,000), Mexico (120,000), and the Philippines (46,000). First, respondents overwhelmingly blame non-Indians when it comes to discrimination on the basis of country of origin or skin color. The tool also displays the share that all immigrants comprise of the state's total population. Hindus who recently arrived in the United States are just as likely to identify with a caste group as those who have been here for a quarter-century or more.31. The matched cases were weighted to the sampling frames using propensity scores. The variation in respondents feelings of Indian-ness begs the question of how Indian Americans navigate multiple identities linked both to their country of origin as well as their country of settlement. From the 1820s to the 1840s, approximately 90 percent of immigrants to the United States came from Ireland, England, or Germany. In cases where the respondent identifies with multiple states, both states are counted as a home state. Five percent responded dont know. Overall, the distribution is skewed in favor of a social network populated with relatively more people of Indian origin. Once more, U.S.-born citizens lead the pack with 22 percent of them reporting participation in this activity. However, Hindus and Muslims exhibit less comfort when it comes to having close friends of the opposite faith. At the time of the survey, more than half (55 percent) of Indian Americans reported that they had an immediate family member (spouse, mother, father, brother, sister, son, or daughter) currently residing in India. Another 23% of all immigrants were unauthorized immigrants. From 1990 to 2007, the unauthorized immigrant population more than tripled in size from 3.5 million to a record high of 12.2 million in 2007. The propensity score function included age, gender, years of education, and region. Thirty-six percent report that either all or most of their friends are of Indian origin, while 21 percent report that very few or none of their friends are of Indian origin. By the 1980s, Mexicans became the nation's largest immigrant group; by 2013, they were the largest immigrant group in 33 states. Unsurprisingly, just 4 percent of non-citizens participated in this activity, while 8 percent of foreign-born citizens and 14 percent of U.S.-born citizens reported working on a campaign. . White immigrants to America, 80 percent . Figure 4 unpacks this further and looks at three categories of spouses or partners: Indian origin but born in India; Indian origin but born in the United States; and non-Indian origin. Reported discrimination based on country of origin and caste is roughly similar for both groups (around 1516 and 56 percent, respectively). To broaden the aperture, the survey asks about discrimination along several dimensions beyond country of origin: skin color, gender, religion, and caste. Stay up to date with what you want to know. Mexico is the top origin country of the U.S. immigrant population. Note: This is an update of a post originally published May 3, 2017, and written by Gustavo Lpez, a former research analyst focusing on Hispanics, immigration and demographics; and Kristen Bialik, a former research assistant. One might expect, however, that the importance of a respondents Indian identity might vary by their place of birth. Eleven percent finished high school elsewhere, while only 8 percent had less than a high school education. Formally, members of this group are referred to as Scheduled Castes. Saritha Rai, How Big Tech Is Importing Indias Caste Legacy to Silicon Valley, Bloomberg, March 11, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-03-11/how-big-tech-is-importing-india-s-caste-legacy-to-silicon-valley?sref=QmOxnLFz. The propensity scores were grouped into deciles of the estimated propensity score in the frames and post-stratified according to these deciles.57. Sumitra Badrinathan is a postdoctoral research fellow at the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism at Oxford University. For those respondents who immigrated to the United States, over half (60 percent) arrived in the year 2000 or after (see figure 2).17 Seventeen percent arrived in the 1990s, 13 percent immigrated in the 1980s, and just 10 percent arrived before the year 1980. An equal percentage of respondents18 percent apiecereport that they have been discriminated against due to their gender or religion. 1 Remarks by President Biden in a Call to Congratulate the NASA JPL Perseverance Team on the Successful Mars Landing, White House, March 4, 2021, https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/speeches-remarks/2021/03/04/remarks-by-president-biden-in-a-call-to-congratulate-the-nasa-jpl-perseverance-team-on-the-successful-mars-landing/. The February 2021 IAAS paper found that almost seven in ten Hindus approve of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modis performance, while just one in five Muslims feel the same.34 However, without longitudinal data, it is unclear to what extent the religious divide reflects the specificities of the current contextin which Muslims in India feel especially marginalized and discriminated againstor is instead a product of longer-term trends. South Korea 16,244. Immigrant Population by State and County This map displays the geographic distribution of immigrants in the United States by country of origin. The reverse is true when it comes to identifying as Indian: the majority of Indian Americans who have lived in the United States between one and ten years (54 percent) feel most comfortable with this term, while that share declines to just 21 percent for those here for more than twenty-five years. Of that segment that was educated abroad, 42 percent arrived in the United States with an undergraduate degree and another 38 percent had completed a graduate or professional degree before their arrival. RE: Indian Americans are now the second largest immigrant group in the US: With Due respect to All especially Asian Americans in this article, when many first generation Desi-Indians immigrated, the starting salary level for fresh undergraduates varied from USD $ 7000/ to 10000/ depending from state to state, and now the starting salary range between USD $ 60,000/ to may be 80,000/-. Immigration will continue to shape our communities for generations to come. 51 Badrinathan, Kapur, and Vaishnav, How Do Indian Americans View India?. What is also striking is how relatively small the differences are between respondents who identify with a caste versus those who do not. This section reviews some basic characteristics of the social networks of Indian Americans. Respondents are classified as belonging to one of three categories: U.S.-born citizen, foreign-born citizen, and non-citizen. Twenty-nine percent of respondents report that most or all of their friends are from the same region of India. He was previously a James C. Gaither Junior Fellow. Thirty-three percent were born in the United States but with at least one parent who was born outside of the United States. The number of naturalization applications has climbed in recent years, though the annual totals remain below the 1.4 million applications filed in 2007. Formed in 2021, we provide fact-based, non-partisan news. But that same visibility also invites greater scrutiny, shedding light on tensions within the community. A much higher share of U.S.-born citizens report attending a protest (18 percent) than either foreign-born citizens (8 percent) or non-citizens (4 percent). 40 Interestingly, the Indian-origin composition of social networks does not vary significantly by respondents age. This chapter examines the immigration of South Asian and Indian populations to the United States between 1820 and 2015. See More by this Creator. 9 Nicole Hong and Jonah E. Bromwich, Asian-Americans Are Being Attacked. And despite the overall professional, educational, and financial success many Indian Americans enjoy, this has not inoculated them from the forces of discrimination, polarization, and contestation over questions of belonging and identity. At Carnegie, we owe special thanks to Samuel Brase and Cooper Hewell for their editorial assistance. On the matter of campaign finance, one-fifth of U.S.-born citizens report contributing to a political campaign, while just 13 percent of foreign citizens and 5 percent of non-citizens said they did so. As a final step, the survey asks respondents whether they agree or disagree with the following statement: Overall, the Indian American community has a positive impact on U.S.-India relations. As of now, the community is quite bullish about the diasporas achievements in this regard. The share of Indian Americans who pray either several times a day or once a day is slightly below the U.S. average (46 percent according to Pew survey data).26 Another 20 percent of Indian Americans report taking part in prayer a few times a week or once a week, while 11 percent pray at least a few times a month. This proportion declines dramatically for Hindus, with only 21 percent reporting regularly attending religious services. Table 2 presents results of the most common languages among respondents, restricting attention to languages identified by at least 2 percent of respondents. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. Seventy-six percent believe there is a similar degree of discrimination against Hispanic people, while 71 percent say the same about discrimination against people of Asian origin.47. To probe this issue, the survey provides respondents with eight identity categories and asks them which of the following best describes their background. Members of the Indian American communityboth individually and collectivelyare mobilizing in response. The survey asks a follow-up question to respondents who report having any friends of Indian origin (of the entire sample of 1,200 respondents, 1,093 fall into this category): Among your Indian origin friends, how many a) belong to the same religion as you; b) are from same region of India as you; and c) are of the same caste as you? The purpose of this question is to investigate whether Indian-origin social networks are internally homogenous or heterogeneous. In both instances, roughly three-quarters of perpetrators were identified as non-Indians. 10 Anna Purna Kambhampaty, At Census Time, Asian Americans Again Confront the Question of Who Counts as Asian. The data in figure 26 show that one in two Indian Americans reports being subject to some form of discrimination in the past year. The Government of India maintains an Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) designation for persons of Indian origin residing abroad who do not hold Indian citizenship. In fiscal 2019, a total of 30,000 refugees were resettled in the U.S. These views, in turn, are further affected both by selection effects (who emigrates) and political dynamics in the country of settlement. Forty-two percent of respondents who are not Indian citizens have taken advantage of the program.18. As figure 18 shows, 43 percent of foreign-born Indian Americans have a social network dominated by Indian-origin friends, compared to 25 percent of respondents born in the United States (adding up the shares of those who say all or most of their friends are of Indian origin). First, Hindus are more likely to report that most or all of their Indian friends are also Hindus, underscoring a greater degree of religious homogeneity in their social networks. Table 1 provides a demographic profile of the IAAS sample in comparison to the Indian American sample in the 2018 ACS. Its findings are based on a nationally representative online survey of 1,200 Indian American residents in the United Statesthe 2020 Indian American Attitudes Survey (IAAS)conducted between September 1 and September 20, 2020, in partnership with research and analytics firm YouGov. YouGov recruited respondents from its proprietary panel comprising 1.8 million U.S. residents. rise in the number from Central America and Asia. Conversely, the larger the size of a group, the greater the likelihood of meeting someone from that group. See Doug Rivers, Pew Research: YouGov Consistently Outperforms Competitors on Accuracy, YouGov, May 13, 2016, https://today.yougov.com/topics/finance/articles-reports/2016/05/13/pew-research-yougov. The composition of immigrants changed again in the post-1965 immigration era. Rounding out the list are caste (35 percent), economic policy (29 percent), and language (24 percent). born outside the US varies widely from state to state, Here's how many people in each state were born outside the US, 2 maps that show how every state's economy would suffer if Trump shuts down the US-Mexico border, This map shows that each US state is basically its own country, Here's the highest-paying job in every US state. The Census Bureau pooled together survey responses from between 2013 and 2017, allowing the bureau's statisticians to publish estimates of how many people in the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia came from various countries. Educational attainment varies among the nations immigrant groups, particularly across immigrants from different regions of the world. The pattern is similar when it comes to caste, although nearly one-quarter of respondents claim they do not know what share of their friends belong to their caste group, suggesting that caste is a less salient category for a significant segment of IAAS respondents. How might non-Indians discriminate against Indians on the basis of caste if caste is not a salient category for them? Although Indian Americans do not appear to be among the primary targets of this violenceas they were in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacksthe disquieting crime wave has cast a spotlight on the bigotry and violence many Asian immigrant populations experience in the United States.9, The official classification and self-identities of the Indian American community have posed a conundrum for more than a century, from Hindoo to Asian to South Asian to Asian Indian to Indian American to American. Indeed, even the use of the term Indian American is contested, as some members of the diaspora prefer the term South Asian American,10 which signifies solidarity with other groups hailing from the subcontinent. Just 27 percent say they are very comfortable having Republican friendshalf the number of Republicans who feel that way toward Democrats. Tuesday, May 20, 2014 . More than 1 million immigrants arrive in the U.S. each year. First, the survey asks respondents to consider how discrimination against Indian Americans compares to discrimination directed toward other minority communities in the United States. This report examines the Hispanic population of the United States by its 10 largest origin groups. Today, more than 40 million people living in the U.S. were born in another country, accounting for about one-fifth of the worlds migrants. (+1) 202-419-4372 | Media Inquiries. As table 1 indicates, 77 percent of IAAS respondents are U.S. citizens, although there is significant variation within that category.16 Thirty-nine percent of all respondents immigrated to the United States and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. Among Democrats and Democratic-leaning independents, 88% think immigrants strengthen the country with their hard work and talents, and just 8% say they are a burden. 1 (2015): 51104. Several Asian, African, and Central American countries also have large immigrant populations in various states. Seventy-three percent of respondents believe that Asian Americans who are not of Indian origin face more discrimination than Indian Americans. Cuba 16,367. This statistic is nearly identical to the average of the American population at large. Thirteen percent of respondents are Muslim, 11 percent are Christian, and another 7 percent belong to a variety of other faiths including Buddhism and Sikhism. Although the latter difference in perceptions of caste discrimination is tiny, it is nonetheless interesting given the lower degree of caste consciousness among U.S.-born Indian Americans. Find the US States - No Outlines Minefield 4 Find the Countries of Europe - No Outlines Minefield Geography. And to what extent are these differences being driven by political polarization in the country of origin (in this case, India)? 12 Sumitra Badrinathan, Devesh Kapur, and Milan Vaishnav, How Will Indian Americans Vote? Brazil 16,746. The brightness of a country corresponds to its total migration to the U.S. at the given time. The Census Bureau combined survey results from 2013 to 2017 to enable the organizations statisticians to estimate the numbers of individuals who made up the foreign-born populations of each state and the District of Columbia. Given that there are many more Indian Americans who are Hindu in the IAAS sampleand the fact that nearly half of Christians and Muslims report that all or most of their friends share their religionthis means that both Christians and Muslims have substantially more religious homophily, relative to Hindus. Figure 5 maps respondents states of origin in India. This margin of error is calculated at the 95 percent confidence interval. Sixty-four percent of this subset of respondents were naturalized after the year 2000, while the remainder received U.S. citizenship before that. First, the survey asked respondents how important being Indian is to their identity. 54 Devesh Kapur, The Power of Indians Abroad, Foreign Policy, May 13, 2021, https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/05/13/the-power-of-indians-abroad/. Most of these children are native-born themselves. The differences are especially stark for Diwali and Indian Independence Day, where the gap between the two groups is on the order of 20 percentage points. Around 21 percent express no opinion either way. Immigrants are projected to drive future growth in the U.S. working-age population through at least 2035. where they are the largest immigrant group. Looking forward, immigrants and their descendants are projected to account for 88% of U.S. population growth through 2065, assuming current immigration trends continue. 50 Surinder S. Jodhka and Ghanshyam Shah, Comparative Contexts of Discrimination: Caste and Untouchability in South Asia, Economic and Political Weekly 45, no. Among those immigrant populations, countries of origin also vary widely. . U.S. President Joe Biden remarked in a March 2021 phone call with Swati Mohan, an Indian-origin scientist charged with overseeing the highly anticipated landing of the Perseverance Mars rover for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration: Its amazing. From 2010 to 2019, the number of undocumented immigrants in the state fell from 2.9 million to 2.3 million. One percent of respondents point to some other factor. In 2018, 3.6 million people in New York (18 percent of the state's population) were native-born Americans who had at least one immigrant parent. 2 (2016): 283301. The percentage of the population born outside the US varies widely from state to state. Respondents who acknowledge a caste identity are only slightly more likely to report that some of their social network is made up of people of the same caste (41 percent versus 33 percent for those without a caste identity). More than half a century after the passage of the historic 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act, which allowed for a new wave of Indian migration to the United States, the Indian American community has come of age. As the United States witnesses a resurgence of violence and hate speech targeting Asian Americans, how might it affect Americans of Indian origin? By contrast, more than half (57%) of immigrants who have lived in the U.S. for 20 years or more are proficient English speakers. Motivated by their emotional ties to India, as well as their rights and responsibilities as American citizens, Indian Americans have pushed the U.S. government to mount a large-scale humanitarian response.54. Forty percent of respondents report praying either several times a day or once a daysignificantly more than the 27 percent of the sample that attends religious services at least once a week. As the figure demonstrates, foreign-born Indian Americans are significantly more likely to have a spouse or partner who is of Indian origin and born in India. However, thanks to the decline in response rates, the rise of the internet and smartphone penetration, and the evolution in statistical techniques, nonprobability panelssuch as the one YouGov employshave quickly become the norm in survey research.55 For instance, the Economist partnered with YouGov to track political attitudes around the November 2020 U.S. presidential election using a customized panel.56. YouGov maintains a proprietary, double opt-in survey panel comprised of 1.8 million U.S. residents who have agreed to participate in YouGovs surveys. Give Orange. Conversely, second-generation Indian Americans born in the United States are more likely to embrace the terms South Asian American, Asian American, and the nonhyphenated American. The survey also queries respondents about whether they participated, over the past twelve months, in any of five political activities: volunteering or working on a political campaign; posting comments online about politics; discussing politics with friends and family; contributing money to a candidate, party, or campaign organization; or contacting their elected representative or another government official. To provide an accurate picture of the Indian American community as a whole, the full sample contains both U.S. citizens and nonU.S. By the 1930s, Italians were the largest immigrant group in the nation and in nine states, including New York, Louisiana, New Jersey and Nevada. A narrow majority52 percentof respondents believe that people in the United States discriminate more against all of the other minority groups listed than they do against Indian Americans. Respondents can select from one of three responses: very comfortable, somewhat comfortable, or not comfortable. In order to be eligible to serve as a respondent for the IAAS, members of YouGovs panel must self-identify as a person of (Asian) Indian origin who resides in the United States. In 2013, the House of Representatives had a single Indian . Of the over one million foreign born from India in the U.S., over half live in just five states. The first table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net domestic migration, while the second table lists U.S. states and the District of Columbia by annual net international migration. However, duration of stay remains significant. The IAAS survey first asks respondents if they think discrimination against people of Indian origin is a major problem. Overall, there are 632 respondents in the IAAS sample who belong to the Hindu faith but only 293 who report identifying with a caste group. Forty percent of Hindus say they pray once or several times a daysubstantially less than the 58 percent of Muslims or 66 percent of Christians who answer similarly. CORRECTION (Sept. 21, 2020): An update to the methodology used to tabulate figures in the chartAmong new immigrant arrivals, Asians outnumber Hispanicshas changed all figures from 2001 and 2012. The label Indian origin itself masks variation in terms of ones place of birth. When it comes to discussing politics with family and friends, there are only small differences across citizenship status. 42 Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity Perspective on Polarization, Public Opinion Quarterly 76, no. Comments. The five largest foreign-born groups in the United States, including those from Mexico, the Philippines, India, China, and Vietnam, account for 44 percent of the total immigrant population. The English are the largest ethnic group among the 3.9 million people counted, though nearly one in five Americans are of African heritage. Business Insider/Andy Kiersz, data from US Census Bureau, NOW WATCH: Here's how the map of the United States has changed in 200 years. Several states have Canada as a major source of immigrants. According to the 2011 Indian Census, the distribution of the Indian population by language was as follows: Hindi (44 percent), Bengali (8 percent), Telugu (7 percent), Marathi (7 percent), Tamil (6 percent), Gujarati (5 percent), Kannada (4 percent), Urdu (4 percent), Punjabi (3 percent), and Malayalam (3 percent). 47 Andrew Daniller, Majorities of Americans See At Least Some Discrimination Against Black, Hispanic and Asian People in the U.S., Pew Research Center, March 18, 2021, https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/majorities-of-americans-see-at-least-some-discrimination-against-black-hispanic-and-asian-people-in-the-u-s/. To what extent do people of Indian origin encounter discriminatory behavioron what grounds and by whom? Of this latter group, the overwhelming majority83 percentcategorize themselves as General or upper caste. Furthermore, respondents who did not disclose a caste identity were dropped from the data set. This section provides a snapshot of the Indian American population in the United States, as captured by the IAAS. However, the results point in the opposite direction. Nationally, 38 percent (7 million) of children of immigrants in 2017 had a primary parent a from Mexico, 19 percent (3.5 million) from the rest of Central America and South America, and 43 percent (8 million) from other parts of the world. 16 Of those born outside of the United States, 80 percent were born in India. The backgrounds of children of immigrants' families vary by state and region. Comments. For instance, a March 2020 Pew survey found that 79 percent of Americans agree that there is a lot or some discrimination against African Americans. From 1820 to 2013, 79 million people obtained lawful permanent resident status in the United States. Immigrants from Mexico and Central America are less likely to be high school graduates than the U.S. born (54% and 47%, respectively, do not have a high school diploma, vs. 8% of U.S. born). What are Indian Americans experiences with discrimination, and how do discriminatory practices manifest? Is the immigrant population growing? Pew Research Center regularly publishes statistical portraits of the nations foreign-born population, which include historical trends since 1960. This is identical to the share of all Americans who report attending services at least once a week, based on a 2020 Pew survey.25 Forty percent, the modal category, of Indian Americans report attending religious services once or twice a month or just a few times a year. 24/7 Wall St. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. The western state of Gujarat emerges as the most common home state, with 14 percent of respondents calling it their home, followed by Maharashtra (12 percent), Andhra Pradesh (10 percent), and Tamil Nadu (9 percent). Report. (Hence, the percentages do not add up to 100.) QUIZ LAB SUBMISSION This quiz has . Four percent have completed at least a junior college (two-year program) education, while 9 percent have completed some college. Some 27% of immigrants were permanent residents and 5% were temporary residents in 2017. Fifty-eight percent of Christians report attending church at least once or several times per week. 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